A Man and the Other. Distance
Abstract
Anthropology in its modern understanding was invented by Kant in his pre-critical period. However, Kant’s Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view was published at the very end of his life. Michel Foucault showed the possibility of interpreting this work as a synthesis of transcendentalism and empiricism, which distorts the universal principles of transcendental reason or law. It is precisely such a distortion of the universal human in reality, according to Kant, that allows passion, happiness, and freedom to exist. This separation of the empirical and transcendental in man led to its doubling and the emergence of the subject I along with the object I, which Kant considered analogs. This is the origin of the European tradition introducing the Other into the composition of man, in which the Self is reflected as in the alter ego. This doubling introduces distance into a human being, which is constantly increasing in the future. Kant’s anthropology turns into ethnography where instead of the mirror alter ego (the Other), the Foreigner appears who is a representative of other cultures. The appearance of the Foreigner figure seems to allow one to go beyond the borders of doubling and analogs. It leads to what Merleau-Ponty referred to as “secondary universalism”. Doubling relations gives way to relations of difference, otherness, implying an even greater increase in the distance in regard to the Foreigner, which forms the idea of European identity. Clifford Geertz saw this slide into otherness in the translation of discourse (oral) into text (written), and Paul Rabinow suggested searching for a solution to this slide in anthropological polyphony. The development of foreignness and otherness was accompanied by the idea of distancing foreign culture over time. However, all these approaches and ideas became possible only within the framework of globalization of consciousness and the establishment of common time and space principles. The paradox of anthropological distancing, which has affected the majority of local and non-European cultures, turns out to be a product of expanding the field of connections and relationships that constitute the new complexity of fragmented universality.
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Review
For citations:
Iampolski M. A Man and the Other. Distance. Versus. 2021;1(1):10-58. (In Russ.)
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